Aryan Brotherhood

ARYAN BROTHERHOOD Growing up most people has been part of a group, one way or another. Girls grew up being Girl scouts or Campfire girls, and boys had Boy scouts and baseball. Well, on that note, I remember having a pledge in Girls Scouts. Well the Aryan Brotherhood also has a pledge: â€Å"I will stand by my brother My brother will come before all others My life is forfeited should I fail my brother I will honor my brother in peace and war† They also live by the motto, â€Å"in for life and out by death. This Brotherhood take these words to heart, and will do anything for a brother whether they are in prisons, jails, or free on the street to handle affairs for others. The Aryan Brotherhood formed in 1964, by white inmates from the infamous San Quentin State Prison, in Northern California. January 16th, 1967 a Nazi prison-gang associate Robert Holderman was stabbed and then battered to death by Black Guerilla Family gang members at San Quentin prison. The very next day, Janua ry 17th, 1,800 black inmates and 1,000 white inmates clashed on the main yard at San Quentin prison over the death of Robert Holderman.The prison guards broke up the brawl by firing shots into the mass of inmates. One inmate suffered severe head trauma from the beating he received from opposing gang members. Two other inmates suffered non-fatal heart attacks. August 27th, 1967 nineteen-year-old Barry Byron Mills was arrested in Ventura, California and held for transfer to Sonoma County, where he had stolen a car. Sonoma County had issued an arrest warrant in his name for grand theft auto. On December 12th, that same year, Barry Mills requested and was denied probation.Instead he was sentenced to one year in the Sonoma County Jail. Within less than two months later on January 12th, 1968, Barry Mills and Buddy Coleman escaped from the Sonoma County Honor Farm. Of course this facility was not a jail or a prison, so there for very low security, with non-violent offenders. Mills’ realm of freedom did not last long, come February 17th, 1968 he was arrested in Windsor, California, and held on a warrant charging escape without force. On March 12th, 1968 Barry Mills was sentenced to one year and a day in prison for escape without force from the Sonoma County Jail.One year and a day later, Barry Mills was released from prison, March 13th, 1969. January 13th, 1970 in Soledad State Prison, Aryan Brotherhood leader Buzzard Harris, and along his side fellow Aryan Brotherhood members Smiley Hoyle, Harpo Harper and Chuko Wendekier. Siding with the Aryan Brotherhood where Mexican Mafia members Colorado Joe Ariaz, John Fanene, and Raymond Guerrero went to battle with Black Guerilla Family gang members on the exercise yard at Soledad prison. Tower guard Opie Miller opened fire with his high-powered rifle, killing Black Guerilla leader W.L. Nolen, Cleveland Edwards and Alvin Miller. Buzzard Harris the Aryan Brotherhood leader was wounded in the groin by one of the bullets that came from Opie Miller’s rifle. Once again Barry Mills could not stay out of trouble and Mills and William Hackworth were arrested after robbing a Stewarts Point convenience store in January 30th, 1970. Within a few days, Barry Mills was convicted of first-degree armed robbery after co-defendant William Hackworth testified for the prosecution against Mills. This time Mills was sentenced to 5 years to life in prison.Since the 1970’s, the Aryan Brotherhood has spread out across the states throughout many prisons. Many of them are in California such as, California State Prison at Corcoran, Pelican Bay, USP Marion, Folsom State Prison, California Institution for men in Chino to name a few. They also have the brotherhood thing going on here in Nevada at the High Desert State Prison. The Aryan Brotherhood are mainly concerned with White-Supremacy and self-protection from Black and Hispanic gangs. The recent conviction of four Aryan Brotherhood members in Santa Ana Califo rnia, was one the largest death penalty cases in U.S. history. This revealed an allegedly â€Å"ruthless† gang who regularly murdered those who opposed the system, growing so out of control that even its own ranking members could not consider themselves safe. The violent ordering of murders throughout the United States, whether inside the prisons or not is quite frightening. The Aryan Brotherhood has connections worldwide, and expect orders of any kind to be followed. In 1997 when Mafia don John Gotti was locked up, a man named Walter Johnson allegedly punched Gotti in the eye in an Illinois prison.John Gotti paid Barry Mills $500,000 to kill Johnson, who at the time was staying in a Colorado prison, Mills agreed. However Johnson got lucky, for the fact that Gotti died in prison in 2002. Although the Aryan Brotherhood was originally formed for the protection of whites against blacks in prison, the gang gradually moved to criminal activities such as murder. That was not good e nough or beneficial enough for this gang, so they strive to control the sale of drugs, gambling, and â€Å"punks†, or male prostitutes. According to sources, racial warfare comes in second to business.The Aryan Brotherhood has also carried out contract killings for the Mexican Mafia. April 21, 1972, Aryan Brotherhood members Fred Mendrin and Donald Hale murdered Fred Castillo by stabbing him to death at the Chino Institute for Men. Castillo was the leader of the Nuestra Familia gang, and Castillo was murdered as part of a contract with the Mexican Mafia. December 15, 1972 Fred Mendrin and Donald Hale where sentenced to life in prison for the murder of Fred Castillo. Racist beliefs prevent members form consorting with African Americans, including taking anything from a cigarette or even a candy bar from them.In 1973 the Aryan Brotherhood spreads into the federal prisons. Much more came with the merge to the federal prisons. In 2006 it was revealed in the recent murder trial of 4 Aryan Brotherhood members, that their communication included codes and cryptograms. Some of these techniques involved a 400 year old binary alphabet system invented by Sir Francis Bacon, concealing notes in mop handles and beneath rocks in the recreation yards. The Aryan Brotherhood also supposedly perfected the art of urnine-writing where one dips a Q-tip in some acidic substance such as citrus juice, urine or bleach and write with it making out the resulting words.These words stay invisible until they are exposed to direct heat, such as a match flame. Throughout the late 1970’s, many Brotherhood members went down for many different crimes such as bank robbery, and one member Little Joe O’Rourke, who opened fire on the El Camino Community College campus for opening up fire there, and was sentenced to seven years in prison. In 1978, Barry Mills is sentenced to 20 years in the federal prison for planning a bank robbery in Fresno, California. The bank was robber by th e Aryan Brotherhood in June of 1976. Although Barry Mills did not directly participate in the robbery, but he provided the blueprint for it.Barry Mills in 1979 murdered Aryan Brotherhood associate John Sherman Marzloff in the United States Prison Atlanta, Georgia. In 1980, the Aryan Brotherhood set up a commission to run the operations of all Aryan Brotherhood members. The commission was composed of three men. Ironically enough, Barry Mills assumed command of the commission. June 8, 1980, one of the Aryan Brotherhood associates was murdered his name was Robert Hogan. The order came directly from Barry Mills. In the same â€Å"gang† is one thing although when putting hits out and ordering murders on men of other organizations’, almost always there will be some kind of retaliation.September 27, 1982 Aryan Brotherhood Commissioner Thomas â€Å"Terrible Tom† Silverstein murdered Cadillac Smith, who was the leader of the D. C. Mob, at the United States Prison, Marion , Illinois. Now to retaliate, a couple of months later, Aryan Brotherhood member Neil Baumgarten was murdered by members of the D. C. Mob. Baumgarten’s murder was payback for the murder of Cadillac Smith. In January of 1983 another member of the brotherhood, Blinky Griffen was convicted of murdering T-Bone Gibson.Now the Aryan Brotherhood just do not stop at rival gangs, they murder their own also. In February of 1983 one month to the day, Aryan Brotherhood member Richard Barnes was murdered. The order to kill Barnes came from Aryan Brotherhood Councilman McKool Slocum. Again, September of 1983 Aryan Brotherhood associate Gregory Keefer was stabbed to death by another Aryan Brotherhood associate. http://www. splcenter. org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2005/fall/smashing-the-shamrock http://www. urbandictionary. com/define. php? term=Aryan%20Brotherhood

Effect of social media on Family time Essay

As human beings we need to socialise and communicate with others. Of all the relations that we have in life, the most precious and strong are the ones with our families. Many a times during adversities when the closest of friends may leave us, our families – parents, siblings, spouses, children etc. are those who stand by us, giving all the support that we need. With the passing of time and evolving of technology, social media has creeped into our lives as an integral part. Having both good and bad sides, I think social media on our family time effects in connecting family members that are far away, creating distance among close family members and breaking of relationships. Connecting with family, relatives or even friends that live abroad is one of the greatest ways social media helps keep the bonds alive. In the past when a child would go abroad to study or when any family member would travel for a certain purpose, their family behind could only hope to hear from them via ha ndwritten letters. Thereafter came about telephone calls and then came e-mails. Now in this era, with people posting about their daily activities on social networking sites like Facebook or Twitter, the families or parents are well updated regarding their loved ones. Many lost childhood friends are easily found and reconnected. Moreover a growing number of married couples are seen to have found each other on some form of social networking sites. Serving well in its purpose of connecting people, social media does also cause distancing of those who are close to us. Too much of anything is bad. Balanced amount of time given in social networking can be good but when we spend hours after hours on it, we often see ourselves distancing from direct family. How often it is seen that a teenager or young adult remains busy on his or her phone completely ignoring their parents or siblings or having minimal conversations with them.

Is It Time to Revive Nuclear Power? Essay

1. Many professors, scientists, researchers, and even governments, have been debating over the issue on the use of nuclear power as a main energy source. In Taking Sides, two authors who are highly narrow-minded state their debates on this critical issue. Allison MacFarlane, author of â€Å"Nuclear Power: Panacea for Future Energy Needs?†, believes that nuclear power should be revived. She argues that nuclear power will provide sufficient energy, while at the same time reducing carbon dioxide emissions. On the other hand, professor Kristin Shrader-Frechette, author of â€Å"Five Myths About Nuclear Energy†, argues that nuclear power is too expensive and unsafe for the environment, when there are renewable energy sources that are better for the environment and economy. I agree with Shrader-Frechette because she proves the five myths about nuclear energy wrong using extremely valid arguments, which exist to prove that nuclear power is not the best option for an energy sou rce in our society. Background 2. In â€Å"Small Recactors Make a Bid to Revive Nuclear Power†, the Obama Administration and the Energy Department are working on making America the leader in advanced nuclear technology and manufacturing (Biello 2012). They are considering switching the large reactors, which are currently the predominant technology, to small reactors, which will save money. These reactors would contain enough power to power more than 200,000 U.S. homes for a year (Biello 2012). This strategy will cause less nuclear waste and will increase safety issues as well. In another article, â€Å"Time to revive, not kill, the nuclear age†, it is stated that a world without nuclear power would be less secure. Neither fossil fuels nor renewable resources will be able to replace the 14 percent of global electricity generated by nuclear reactors (Financial Times 2011). This article sides with MacFarlane by saying the Chernobyl accident was bad, but since then things have improved. The majority of the existing reactors were built a long time ago, and the ones that were recently built, have many more safety features, such as passive cooling systems to prevent overheating, which will greatly reduce safety risks. It is agreed that there is much more research needed, but reviving nuclear power is necessary in order for energy security. Argument For Nuclear Power 3. Allison MacFarlane argues that nuclear power is necessary and that it is nowhere near as bad as everyone thinks, and that it is actually very efficient. She believes that nuclear reactors do not emit carbon dioxide, and that this is a major advancement in technology. She states that there are two pathways for handling the spent nuclear fuel generated by power reactors: the open cycle and closed cycle. The costs associated with the construction of new nuclear reactors may be the main reason for the inhibiting of the global expansion of nuclear power. She says that although nuclear power can be our main source of power, and very efficient, it will take many years before a considerable number of new plants are licensed and built. 4. Allison MacFarlane argues that nuclear reactors do not emit carbon dioxide to produce electricity because their fuel is uranium-based. Nuclear power saved about 13 percent of annual emissions of Carbon dioxide, meaning that by 2050 emissions could be reduced by 15-25 percent. Since the Chernobyl accident in 1986, the overall global safety record has been good, even though there have been some problems. The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty guarantees that countries that do not have nuclear weapons are allowed nuclear energy technology, which is a great form of security for these countries. The open and closed cycles have been effective so far in containing the nuclear waste, and hopefully will continue in the future. 5. Although nuclear power does not emit carbon dioxide directly, nuclear power is not emission free. Carbon dioxide is emitted during nuclear power production, during the mining, milling, and fuel fabrication processes. No countries have opened a high-level nuclear waste disposal facility, so all of the nuclear waste is currently sitting in storage facilities. If nuclear power expands, these high-level wastes will increase. A catastrophic nuclear accident could result in compensation costs of hundreds of billions of dollars, and currently 236 of the 436 operating reactors are not even covered by liability conventions. Nuclear power is very expensive compared to other power sources, which is the biggest issue standing in the way of reviving nuclear power. Argument Against Nuclear Power 6. Kristin Shrader-Frechette argues that nuclear power is clearly not the best option as a power source for many reasons. She busts the five myths about nuclear power believed by many people. She gives valid reasons to support her position opposing nuclear power. She talks about how nuclear power is unclean, expensive, unnecessary to address climate change, unsafe, and how it will increase the proliferation of weapons. 7. This whole argument, in my opinion, is strengths, minus a few minor points. Although MacFarlane states that nuclear reactors do not emit carbon dioxide, Shrader-Frechette argues that the nuclear fuel cycle has eight other stages that do release greenhouse gases. Nuclear power generates at least 33 grams of carbon-equivalent emissions for each kilowatt-hour of electricity produced. Nuclear wastes are stored at Nevada’s Yucca Mountain, which poses severe problems for the future. As high-level radioactive wastes increase, the availability of storage space decreases, and exposure rises. Exposure to nuclear waste can likely cause fatal cancer, which risks are very high for. 8. The weaknesses of Shrader-Frechette’s argument are very scarce in my opinion. She discusses the emissions of carbon dioxide, stating that they are much higher than most people think, but MacFarlane stated that they are working on reducing them, and it will take many years before anything is set in stone. Per kilowatt-hour, Shrader-Frechette states that atomic energy produces only one-seventh the greenhouse emissions of coal. She believes nuclear power is not clean, however this statistic is in favor of reviving nuclear power by stating an opposing fact. Weighing the Arguments 9. I agree with Kristin Shrader-Frechette in just about every aspect. She gives amazing facts and statistics to support her argument against the revival of nuclear power. The five myths supporting nuclear power are all false. Nuclear power is not clean due to the greenhouse gas emissions during the nuclear fuel cycle. The government is providing way too much money to fund nuclear power, when there are cheaper, safer energy sources to fund. Also, nuclear energy will definitely increase the use and proliferation of weapons around the world, which I believe will lead to more war. Conclusion 10. I sided with Kristin Shrader-Frechette because of her brilliant proof of her argument, which proved the five myths about nuclear energy wrong. Allison MacFarlane argued that nuclear power should be revived because carbon dioxide emissions are reduced, safety has improved since the last major incident, and the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty provides more security for nuclear power. Shrader-Frechette argued that there are more carbon dioxide emissions from the nuclear fuel cycle, the government is spending too much money funding nuclear power when they should be funding wind or solar power since they are cheaper and safer, and the use and proliferation of weapons will increase. Both authors have sound arguments; however I feel that Shrader-Frechette’s is more valid and will make the economy and environment better in the end. Bibliography Biello, D. (2012). Small reactors make a bid to revive nuclear power. Scientific American, Retrieved from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-reactors-bid-to-revive-nuclear-power. Financial Times. (2011). Time to revive, not kill, the nuclear age. Financial Times, Retrieved from http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f0321fb4-6e9a-11e0-a13b-00144feabdc0.html. MacFarlane, A. (2012). Nuclear power: A panacea for future energy needs?. In T. A. Easton & T. College (Eds.), Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Science, Technology, and Society (pp. 82-88). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Shrader-Frechette, K. (2012). Five myths about nuclear energy. In T. A. Easton & T. College (Eds.), Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Science, Technology, and Society (pp. 89-94). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Congressional Consideration of New Deal Legislation Essay

Congressional Consideration of New Deal Legislation - Essay Example It wasn’t but 50 years ago that America was engulfed in the â€Å"Great Depression†. Political pundits and members of Congress alike compare our current situation as the worst economic climate since the Great Depression. While the times of that era were certainly tough, the strength and enduring spirit of the American people proved to be resolute and we as a country rose from the ashes like a phoenix. While the spirit of the American people has an ethereal reason on why we overcame the Great Depression, any well-versed scholar of American history knows that it was indeed President Franklin Delanor Roosevelt’s New Deal that catapulted our country out of the economic abyss. â€Å"We have had recessions before and we will have them again; and always, when we do, we can be thankful to the New Deal. For nearly half a century, its innovations in the thirties have helped to keep recession from deepening into depression.†1 The Great Depression lasted from the end of 1929 to the early 1940s, beginning in the United States but slowly spreading to other countries as well, because they had become economically dependent on each other. This era is a widely studied and thoroughly examined time in American history. There are numerous underlying reasons for the Depression, and there are many theories on why it occurred. Some of the seeds that gave root to the Great Depression can be linked to events far before the time of that gloomy era. â€Å"The roots of the Great Depression can be traced back to the world war of 1914-1918 and even beyond. Some authorities describe it as the ultimate collapse of the industrial revolution, with the machine devouring the man†¦..Between 1920 and 1930 economists ceased pondering the question of ‘America’s capacity to produce,’ which had preoccupied them for fifty years and turned belatedly to â€Å"America’s capacity to consume, about which the y

Analysis of the Business Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of the Business Cycle - Essay Example The United States unemployment rate in May 2011 was 9.1 percent slightly higher than that of April 2011 which was 9 percent. Employment rates in government sectors continued to decline while job opportunities were generated in private sector, health care and mining. The number of unemployed person in May 2011 was 13.9 million. Inflation rate in United States has a continuously rising trend. It has systematically increased from 1.6 percent in January 2011 to 3.13 percent in June 2011. While in April and may it sustained on 3.2 percent. United States economy growth rate has greatly decelerated since last few years the above analyzed data shows that United States economy is in a phase of slow recovery with its 3.3 percent GDP growth rate. There had been fluctuations in inflation and unemployment rate- slight increases and decreases and some times the rate sustained at one level. The growth rate here is very slow and it is insufficient for the recovery of United States economy. With the same growth rate it can be projected that the recovery of the economy will speed up in 2015. By bringing down the inflation and unemployment rate and increasing the GDP growth rate United States can fasten up its recovery stage. There had been high rising trends in United States GDP growth rate. It was the highest in the year 1990 with an amazing growth rate of 10.5 percent. A monopolistic firm has to analyze the GDP growth rate, inflation rate and unemployment rate of the economy very carefully as these aspects can have a direct effect on its labor cost and sales rate. As we can see a rising trend in GDP growth it shows that the whole economy is in function and there is an increase in aggregate demand which in turn increases the inflation by demand pull and cost push. At this stage a competitive monopolistic firm must increase its sales as there is a huge amount of money facing a little amount of goods. An increase in sales can occur when the GDP growth rate is increasing along wit h the inflation rate. But when there is a negative trend of gross domestic product a monopolistic firm may face a reduction in its sales rate. Because the economy is functioning in a slow manner the aggregate demand decreases and therefore the firms have to cut down their sales in order to avoid losses. The functioning of a competitive monopolistic firm here would be that it would increase its sales because the data shows an increase in GDP growth rate from 1.8 percent to 3.3 percent which in turn has increased the inflation rate as well from 1.6 percent to 3.13 percent. The monopolistic firm should also cut down its labor cost very cautiously. The wages cost is comparatively lower when the unemployment rate is low and it is slightly higher when the unemployment rate is high. Here the unemployment rate is increasing, as it was 9 percent in April and 9.1 percent in May and the monopolistic firm can cut down its cost but the firms should keep in concern that the labor or wage cost inc reases with the increase in GDP. If the firm will not keep an eye on increasing GDP rate and will cut down its cost to the minimum limit then a competitive firm will become uncompetitive because when the economy picks up and the Gross Domestic Product rises the increase in labor or wage cost may faster than the increase in sales of the firm. Under the present circumstances the firm can cut down its cost slightly and should keep a precautious look on GDP growth rate and unemploy

Criminal justice and crime problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal justice and crime problem - Essay Example A special report of the Bureau of Justice Statistics released in 2000 showed the number of violent women offenders as being 14% of the total, while they formed 22% of all arrestees. (Special report 2000). But this gap is closing and experts estimate that in about ten or 20 years, the statistics on crime for men and women will be equal, largely due to the fact that women are now more involved in what is going on in the world than they were a generation ago. According to behavioral experts, contrary to the popular conception of women as nurturers, they have as great a tendency as men to be violent. The only difference between the two sexes is that they need greater incentives before they take to violence. (Yeoman, 1999). However, present rates for women offenders are still considerably lower than males and many reasons have been put forward to explain this differential rate of offending. While some rest their theories on the gender profiling of society, others point to the fact that wo men resort to crime only when they are forced into it because of poverty, drug addiction or other compelling factors rather than any natural inclination to be violent. Albert Bandura (1973) examined the tendency to violence in both male and female children, in order to study the effect of violent TV programs upon young children. In his experiment, both girls and boys were given dolls and asked to play with them. While boys demonstrated more violent behavior and girls tended to play peacefully with the dolls, Bandura found that the scenario changed when incentive was offered for being violent and destructive to the dolls. In such a case, the girls turned out to be as violent as the boys. This led Bandura to speculate that it was the gender conditioning of girls that led them to gravitate away from violence, since aggression was frowned upon in girls. The females in society were expected to be docile and submissive, nurturing and caring rather than aggressive and

What is development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What is development - Essay Example This is possible by empowering people through proper education, quality healthcare and training. Satisfaction of basic needs of the people is realized when people can access quality and adequate food, water, housing, clothing, justice and peace. Efficient infrastructure in education, agriculture, commerce, health, defense and transport sectors exhibit improving development. Other indicators of development are higher per capita income, political stability, quality healthcare, availability of clean, safe and adequate water as well as food. Progressive countries and societies aspire to achieve higher development status. Peet et al (2009 p.1) claimed that development is a conscious act and process of improving the life of everyone. Therefore, development covers all aspects in life that makes lives better. For example, development involves having healthy and sufficient food; safety in dwelling place; affordable goods and services; availability of employment opportunities; efficient and adequate utilities (Medicare, education, energy and transport) and being accorded respect and dignity as human being. Various actors pursue development in different spatial setting. For example, governments pursue development nationally while individuals pursue development around their environment such as the homes, villages or urban dwelling. Development is more concerned with the conditions and environment under which goods and services are produced and distributed as compared to economic growth. Economic activities and wealth generation processes give rise to economic environment. Development is also biased to socia l consequences of production and distribution of goods and services. Economic growth alone is not necessarily development especially when few powerful individuals control the growth process. This is because economic growth can concentrate wealth on the hands of the few and leave

Legal, Ethical, or Moral Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal, Ethical, or Moral - Research Paper Example Jimenez deportation and the suit against the hospital by Montejo are guided by legal rules and regulations, and the validity of the deportation was determined to be illegal regarding court jurisdiction in deciding the deportation. The lack of moral guidelines and the presence of legal rules on the deportation make the case a legal issue. The decision denying Martin Memorial immunity on false imprisonment was decided on legal regulation pertaining to seeking vindication of a private right when the court lacks jurisdiction over the matter. However, moral issues are also inherent in the case owing to the decision by the hospital to deport Jimenez knowing well that he will have no hospital care in Guatemala, risking his life in the process, and giving his 72-year-old mother the responsibility of a caregiver (Sontag, August 3, 2008). Dr. Bradley’s case is more of a moral issue than a legal issue because of the extent of trust to which the doctor was bestowed on by the parents to the affected children. Dr. Bradley acted unethically and irresponsibly in the case betraying the parent’s trust for the care of their children, falling short of ethical and professional requirement, and lacking the respect that an elder ought to have when caring for children. It is a moral issue because of the negligence of the hospital allowed the vice to continue for over 11 years despite an earlier case of abuse reported by a nurse. Abusing and molesting children under his care or the delivery of paediatric treatment patient by an adult also makes the issue a moral issue because of the position of adults to care for children in the community and not harm them. It is a legal issue owing to the 471 counts of molestation facing the doctor in the case but all this cases and many more portray the moral and ethical failure in his practice making it more of a moral/ethical issue. Savage-Morrell case is a moral issue owing to the many moral issues that are intertwined

Project management plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Project management plan - Essay Example After years of planning, effort and investment, a super cycle way route connecting Nottingham City to the Toton Rail station was conceptualized. This project will provide a safe, direct, paved, flat and continuous non-vehicular travel route between the station and the city. The route will feature several at-grade roads crossing in the entire length along an independent right-of-way in the road networks existing. The Greenway route surface will contrast according to suitability to the landscape, material availability and expected demand. A favored wearing course product currently promoted is a recycled material based on road planning and waste building aggregate. This forms an inert, grey material that rolls to provide a compact surfacing which seems to set if allowed to settle. It provides an even, all weather surfaces for cycles and wheelchairs or prams, whilst remaining softer than a bonded surface which can be stiff on walkers and horses joints. Where a route navigates an urban area it may be found desirable to arrange for a bitumen surface for maximum strength for high demand and to minimise maintenance. In this occurrence it might be considered necessary to provide an equivalent mown grass path for horse riders. Designs for the Greenway route construction will suggest for greater widths to accommodate varied options of shared use. Current specifications propose a 3metre wide path for a full multi-user path and a 2.5metre wide path where horse riders are barred. The path should sit, where space allows, in a wider corridor with a minimum 1 meter boundary either side or appropriate landscaping to the boundaries. The existing bridge is proposed to be redesigned and replaced with one that caters for both bicycle and pedestrian use. The new bridge will effectively connect the two locations without having to seek an alternative longer route. The new greenway route has

RESEARCH PAPER ON NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

RESEARCH PAPER ON NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE - Essay Example â€Å"Nathaniel’s passivity and indolence appeared especially unmanly in the presence of Robert Manning’s energetic capabilities, not only to the uncle but to the boy himself. The resulting self-distrust was to be permanently in conflict with Hawthorne’s innate pride† (Erlich, 1984). His family’s Puritan past would weigh heavily upon him throughout his life and would be strongly reflected within his writings. Although he was strongly encouraged to take up the family trade and become a merchant marine, Hawthorne had decided, by age 17, that he wanted to be a writer. Hawthorne’s official education started at the age of 15 when he attended the Samuel H. Archer School as preparation for college. He entered the Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine by 1821 (Swisher, 1996). While he was there, he formed lifelong friendships with future literary giant Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, future president Franklin Pierce and future Navy Commander Horatio Bridge. He also spent another 12 years following college living in his mother’s house and educating himself in how to be a good writer by studying his Puritan past, nonfiction and fiction works of note (Swisher, 1996). While he always styled himself a writer, he held several small jobs necessary to support himself. These included magazine editor, customs house worker (in a variety of capacities) and as a farmer for a brief period at Brook House, an experimental commune (Swisher, 1996). After he moved to the Lenox countryside to escape angry Salem residents, he met Herman Melville who was to have a profound influence on The House of Seven Gables. â€Å"The presence of this brooding mariner, poetic soul such as Hawthorne’s father had been, stirred the deepest memories – and doubts – of the older writer. Melville’s talk of the sea, of time, eternity, death, myth, and literature, his metaphysical leaping, struck

Waterbording & torture Essay Example for Free

Waterbording torture Essay Waterbording is definitely torture. There is absolutely no way around this issue, it is torture pure and simple. Waterbording is slow suffocation, with water being poured over you gag reflex. It is in effect, controlled drowning. Waterbording is not a stimulation of drowning; it is the real thing, where the victim feels like they are drowning. Depending on the desired result, it will be dictated by the torture how long the victim is to be drowned. I do not believe that waterboarding is an effective tool for interrogation. When a person is being tortured they are liable to say and do anything, just for the torture to stop. Take for instance the story of the sixty year old man, who was tortured using the waterboarding technique. He told his captors everything what they wanted, to hear, but in reality he was none of these things, just a simple school teacher, who’s only crime was that he once spoke French. But even though he told them some truth, they did not stop, but continued to torture him. This is because many of the torturers take a certain sadistic pleasure in torturing their victims even more. This just goes to show that waterboarding as an effective torture tool is useless, because you cannot be really sure if the person is telling the truth, unless you personally check it out. The victims have no choice but to cooperate with this form of torture. Because America has supported the use of waterboarding techniques, you can be sure that whenever Americans are captured and taken prisoners, they will be treated no differently and subjected to waterboarding torture as well. Waterboarding is a war crime and should be treated as such by people all over the world. Source: Nance, Malcom. Waterbording is torture Period. Small Wars Journal (2007): 1-7. 4 Apr. 2008 www. smallwarsjournal. com/blog/2007/10/waterboarding- is- torture- perio.

Influence Of Globalisation On Hotel Design Cultural Studies Essay

Influence Of Globalisation On Hotel Design Cultural Studies Essay They are influenced silently and experienced beautifully, where did it started and how did it come about? This essay is about the influence caused by globalisation towards hotel designs and hotels. It will focus on how Europeans have influenced hotels in Singapore in the 19th century and the impact it had made in the 21st century. This will lead to the conclusion on what makes each hotel special. Is it the history? Or, is it the experience? 2. Emergence of boutique hotels and luxury hotels. Since the emergence of the first hotel in Fourth of July 1793, The Union Public Hotel (fig.1.0) in Washington D.C., America, it has influenced businessmen to establish more hotels to cater to the increasing amount of travellers. One of the causes of the influences was the feedbacks received from guests whom experienced their stays in hotels. The feedbacks and competitions between hotel developers have lead to better and more comfortable hotels. Demand for hotels has caused hotel developers just to create a comfortable and convenient environment within the hotel interior space. Since the emergence of the first luxury hotel till the 21st century all the hotels have no uniqueness since there were no importance given to create a unique feel, ambience and experience within the hotels. While the herd of sheep continue moving towards one directions competing among themselves with no other competitions, two other sheep in the herd decided to leave the herd to venture out to explore and discover. Two businessmen, Ian Schrager and Steve Rubell, started The Hotel Morgans (fig.2.0) on Madison Avenue, Manhattan, America. It looked fairly strange and unique, and was nothing like Oriental or Hilton hotels, which had a domineering presence in the hotel industry. The boutique style was invented in 1984 by Steve Rubell and Ian Scharager, It was Rubell who came up with the word boutique hotel. He described the new business venture as being similar to a boutique, rather than a department store. The idea of boutique hotel ventured out of America to Europe. The first European boutique hotel was 42 The Calls (fig.3.0, 3.1) situated in Leeds, London, England. It was made from an old corn mill. The hotel still retains the old machines which were used, and still has some features of its history, such as the handmade beds, which gives this hotel its uniqueness. 2.1 The influence caused by luxury hotels in Europe to luxury hotels in Singapore. In 1827 John Francis a tavern keeper was the first to cater to wayfarers in need of temporary accommodations in Singapore. This was eight years after Sir Stamford Raffles founded Singapore. Other entrepreneurs soon followed to compete with him as business was good due to its strategically placed geographical location; Singapore was a convenient port of call for travellers, merchants, missionaries, sailors, adventurers and explorers. By the early 1840s Singapore had 6 hotels, The Ship Hotel, London Hotel, British Hotel, Commercial Hotel, Hotel de Paris and Hamburg Hotel, all looking the same and differing only in services offered. Improvements in transportation were beginning to shrink distances and enable more people to circumnavigate the globe. As demand increased for more supply and better services it resulted in more luxury hotels. In 1887, Raffles Hotel (fig.4.0 and fig.4.1) opened its doors targeting the travellers venturing east as well as expatriates living and working in the Straits Settlements. The Raffles Hotel design was influenced by European and American hotels and design. It wanted to set a standard in creating a first class hotel (fig.4.2 and fig.4.3) as was said by the Sarkies Brothers, owners themselves, in their own words, A Really First Class Hotel. The hotel was designed with architectural embellishment, stupendous Carrara Marble-paved dining room, culinary creativity and it offered attentive service. Raffles offered unparallel luxury. The Armenian Sarkies Brothers, founders and proprietors, were still evolving the alluring blend of European comforts and tropical concessions that we now think of distinctively Raffles. The Raffles Hotel was a symbol of colonialism for the Europeans during the colonial era. The Raffles Hotel went through a refurbishment process for 2 years and was reopened in 1991 to the public with an updated style still retaining the former elegance of the hotel in the 19th century. The Raffles Hotel being influenced by the European design and offering attentive services, could be the stepping stone for the emergence of boutique hotels in Singapore, such as The New Majestic Hotel (fig.5), The Scarlet Hotel (fig.6) and The Gallery Hotel (fig.7). 2.2 Case Studies The first luxury boutique hotel in Singapore was built in December 2004: The Scarlet Hotel, located in Chinatowns, Ann Siang Road. The Scarlet is an 80 room establishment which was built from a row of conserved shop houses, now designed with stylish contemporary design. The Scarlet has five well designed themed suites, whose names are Splendour, Passion, Opulent, Lavish and Swank. Each of these five suites was designed with a user in mind. The interiors of the five rooms were treated and finished differently based on the theme of each room. They also have different amenities. Taking The Passion Suite has an example; The Passion Suit was specially designed for honeymooners. It has a seductive interior finishing. The seductive environment in the suite was achieved by lowering the height of the ceiling to create an air of intimacy and finishing the interior with burgundy, fuchsia, silver and black. The Passion Suite has its own private Jacuzzi too. To enhance the experience of staying i n The Scarlet, special services such as the ordering of replicas of suites and rooms furnishings are offered. The Flair, a gift shop located in The Scarlet has gifts from all over the world which are rare to be found in Singapore itself. The New Majestic Hotel was built in 1928, also in Chinatown, and it is the first collaboratively designed hotel by various emerging Singaporean artists. It has a total of 30 rooms individually designed by various artists and designers. The hotels in the ceiling of the New Majestic hotel give a unique experience while the guests are dining, allowing them to look up the ceiling into the swimming or at the swimmers who swim by. New Majestic has a vast collection of vintage chairs in the gleaming terrazzo lobby. The Gallery Hotel is situated in Robertson Quay along Singapore River. It has a total of 223 art themed rooms. Each room has its own characteristics and ambience. The design for this rooms were chosen from the Creative Youth Xchange Competiton held in Singapore by Gallery Hotel and Creative Industries Singapore.There are total of 19 Creative Youth Xchange rooms in this hotels and they were based on the theme Five walls, Defying Definitions. Every CYX Boutique room and suite expresses its designers unique interpretation of space. One of its uniqueness is the one of a kind glass sided cantilevered swimming pool (fig7.1). The three boutique hotels, The Scarlet Hotel, New Majestic Hotel and The Gallery Hotel are different in terms of the experience, theme and design. The Scarlet is designed targeting a certain group of people, considering the user of the space in mind. New Majestic is designed to create a totally different environment with different design language and experience derived from the designers own theme and concept. While the Gallery hotel is designed with a common theme for its rooms but by different designers with different ideas and interpretation of space. Facilities such as swimming pool or wading pool are also designed to deliver different experiences while using them. The Holes in the ceiling of New Majestic creating view into the pool from dining area, the cantilevered pool of Gallery Hotel and the private Jacuzzis of The Scarlet gives a total different experience from one another. The only similarity is all three hotels are designed to create an experience of their own. 2.3 The Den Hotel Redesigning and transforming a conserved Victorian style Bungalow house (fig.8.0) at Chinatowns Club Street, founded in 1891 by a Peranakan millionaire into a Boutique Hotel is influenced by the three case studies and The Raffles Hotel. Taking the context of the site into consideration, the name and the design of the site were derived from the historic significant of the site. In the 19th century the Chinese immigrants from China came to Singapore in search for jobs to support their family, who are back in China. When they arrived in Singapore from China they brought along opium to smoke. Opium was consumed for relaxation purposes after a day of hard work. They settled down in Chinatown which is near to their working place located at the Singapore River. Chinatown was well known for opium smoking. After a long thought process and research done, I derived to my concept Intensity. My objective is to create intense spaces in my hotel. The Hotel has a total of nine rooms including singles and doubles, and a dormitory, which can accommodate six individuals. The rooms of The Den Hotel are known as The Private Dens while the Dormitory is known as The Casual Den. The bar in the hotel is known as The Heart of The Den. Upon arrival to The Den Hotel, the guests will be warmly welcomed by the interior form of the hotel. The interior walls are all angled in various directions creating spaces which are narrow and open. The lowering of the ceiling and the increasing of height of the floorings plays an important role in making the space intense. As the guests walk through the spaces to the rooms, they can feel that they are in a intimate and private space as the warm lighting of the spaces are continued throughout the interior, not putting them under the spot light. As for the rooms, they are pure in terms of finishing and intensity in the room are subtle, so as to create a comfortable and relaxed environment. The rooms have various experiences, the placement of windows in unconventional knee level and the experience of sleeping on a suspended bed from the ceiling. The bar has an extension to the back with two private lounges for guests, which is cantilevered off the building. To balance up the level of intensity in The Den Hotel, there is a triple volume space with sky light shining all the way down to the lobby. The use of ceiling height to design, creating experiences in spaces and having cantilevered elements were ideas influenced by the case studies. 3. Conclusion-The Influence, and the Creation of the Experience. In conclusion, since the arrival of Sir Stamford Raffles to Singapore, the globalisation of European style and culture has influenced Singapore. The Hotel de LEurope established in 1857 as reincarnation of one of the six hotels mentioned earlier, The London Hotel, was designed by George Drumgoole Coleman, an architect who was also responsible for many of Singapores finest early building, was the only rival of The Raffles Hotel. Being influenced by the European design and looking similar to the design of Hotel de LEurope, The Raffles Hotel went one step ahead to offer highly attentive service and greater comfort. This gave the edge to The Raffles Hotels to last till now, and becoming one of the best hotels in the world. The owners of The Scarlet taking another step to offer special services and unique experiences could be inspired or influenced by The Raffles Hotel akin to the way The Raffles Hotel was influenced by the Europeans. The globalisation of opium smoking brought in by the Chinese immigrants in the 19th century has influenced the concept of The Den Hotel. What makes The Den Hotel special is that the identity of opium is not literally translated into visuals, but through rationalisations and a long thinking process the concept of Intensity has concealed the identity of opium. The intensity when smoking opium can be experienced in the spaces but not seen. Each hotel has its own strength, the strength of The Raffles Hotel could be its rich history or its highly rated attentive services, and for The Den Hotel is the beautifully concealed identity of opium being experienced in the spaces while walking through it, and dining out at the cantilevered bar with a void in the centre. The Raffles Hotel, its influence can be visually seen and beautifully experienced with luxury, The Den Hotel, silently influenced and beautifully experienced. List of References Liu, Gretchen, Raffles Hotel, [2006], Editions Didier Miller Pte Ltd, Singapore. Strausz, Sandaval, .K.A., Hotel: An American History, L.E.G.O.SpA, Italy Tan, Adrianna, Singaporechic, Hotels, Restaurants, Shops, Bars, [2006], Editions Didier Miller Pte Ltd, Singapore.

Water Filtration And Purification And Its Effects Environmental Sciences Essay

Water Filtration And Purification And Its Effects Environmental Sciences Essay Filtering and Purifying water, before you drink it, has now become a crucial part of living in a rapidly growing, economically expanding world. In todays society water is reused over and over again. Not only to recycle but to produce enough to sustain people in their everyday lives. The process of filtration makes our water clean by removing visible and non-visible particles. The process of purification makes the water safe and clean to drink. Taking these processes seriously can keep you and the people around you safe and free of harmful substances found in water. A ten step quality process of filtering spring water begins by: Selecting a source and monitoring the water you chose (Arrowhead 7). Some drinking water such as Arrowhead source is a natural spring source (Arrowhead 7). The selection of springs is based on the natural composition, lack of bacteria, availability, and taste (Arrowhead 7). Especially trained geologists and hydrologists monitor the springs on a regular schedule at the place of the source. (Arrowhead 7). Sourcing the water receiving and monitoring the source (Arrowhead 7). Receiving the source water can be as much of a challenge and discovering the source. By following simple steps the water we buy and drink gets to the site in order to begin the filtration process. Spring water is transported by food-grade pipelines, or often by clean stainless steel tanker trucks. Which eventually go directly to the water filter plants (Arrowhead 7). Filters called One-micron filters remove sand and/or other particles that are partially visible or present in the water(Arrowhead 7). The Storage of water (Arrowhead 7) This temporary state of storing the water is done in food-grade storage tanks (Arrowhead8). The water in the tanks is tested (Arrowhead 8). Micro-Filtering the spring water (Arrowhead 8). Two-stage, micro-filters, filter the raw spring water collected from the source (Arrowhead 8). These filters are created to filter out particles and tiny as 0.2 micron in diameter (Arrowhead 8). The Ultraviolent light and Ozone disinfection stage (Arrowhead 8). The Ultraviolent process removes non-visible bacteria (Arrowhead 8). The Micro-filtration is like a second step that adds to the removal of bacteria (Arrowhead 8). Another filtration system called the HydRO-7 process is used by Aquafina Inc. Unlike companies that use spring water Aquafina reuses public water. Here are the 7 simple steps enabling a public water source to be safe and clean to drink. Step One: Removes particles with Pre-filtration. Step Two: Seizes even smaller particles. Step Three: Removes organic matter by UV. Step Four: Removes solid minerals by using reverse osmosis. Step Five: Sets apart trace elements by using an Activated Carbon Filter. Step Six: Makes the water very clear by using a Polishing Filter. Step Seven: the final purification stage is done in an Ozonized Water Tank and the Ozone Generator. (I received all of the information in the past paragraph from (http://www.aquafina.com/) Other water products similar to Arrowhead and Aquafina all have to follow the required statement under California law. These laws determine what waters are safe and what departments are allowed to develop and sell bottled water. Water in California is produced and used from sources such as; lakes, rivers, streams, reservoirs, ponds, wells, and springs. Often water that has traveled through the earth picks up natural elements, and substances that are found due to human and animals natural activities such as pollution (Arrowhead 23). Benefits following the filtration and purification process done by companies such as Suburban Water Systems include; the removal of dangerous elements such as Arsenic, Barium, Cadmium, Chromium, Fluoride, Lead, Mercury, Nitrates, and Radium. These elements are removed by an advance process of reverse osmosis. Other assets include; improvement in taste, bathing water, laundry, dishwashing, cleansing water, and maintenance as well (www.subwater.com). Filtering and purifying your water is a basic survival skill too. One basic rule of wilderness survival is; filter + purify = safe to drink. So if you are ever caught in a situation of survival remember this rule. (Bryan 1) The Earth has a system that has been around since the beginning of time, we know it as the Water Cycle. All of the earths features (including us) depend on the Water Cycle. It explains why the earth never runs out of water and only changes state or form (Usborne 51). But society today has damaged this system by polluting the land, sea, and air. Causing much of the pure water to be used and polluted. We use so many chemicals and man-made systems to make the water safe to drink. It makes you wonder whether or not this water is truly safe to be used (Usborne 51). Different types of water found in the U.S. include; Bottled water which refers to any type of water being contained in a sealed container primarily for domestic use by humans. Vended Water, meaning that it has not undergone the same advanced treatment as bottled water and is dispensed through a public water facility. Both are the two forms of clean water available in California. Each is protected under the CDPH or California Department of Public Health (www.cdph.ca.gov). When survival skills are needed finding water can be a challenge. Dehydration is a common result of lack of healthy water, leading most of the time to serious medical conditions. Make sure to note that if you are ever caught in a challenging situation in search of water that you check your source and make sure it is safe and clean to drink. Contaminated water is sometimes easily noticed if you look for obvious signs; turbidity (cloudiness of water), pesticides, fertilizers (from agricultural land nearby), and a more noticed pest called Giardia Lambia. When looking for water along a trail or when camping use your map. Most maps show any sources of water these maps are called Topo maps (Wilderness-suvival-skills.com). Water is a basic part of living. Making sure your water is clean is the first step in staying healthy. Since majority of our water is recycled we should make sure we know what types are best. Purifying water is just as necessary as filtering it, if not even more important. Purifying water is done in order to clean the water of non-visible elements. In doing this you make the water clear and able to be digested safely into our bodies. Purifying is done in water plants as mentioned before. But if you find yourself in a situation in need of water you must filter and purify it yourself. When or if this problem ever arises you must filter your water using available items and then boil the water. This makes the water somewhat clean and safe to drink. Thanks to advancements in our ways of cleaning our water, we now have clean safe water for our use at the turn of a nob. When using water we should make sure we use it wisely and are cautious to the harmful pollution in water outside. So when outdoors drink out of a water bottle and dont drink out of the stream†¦ But if found without a clean water at hand remember filter + purify=safe to drink!

Free Essays - The Need for Capital Punishment :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Essays - The Need for Capital Punishment      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Imagine yourself in a room, 12 feet long by 6 feet wide.   You're sitting on a metal bed bolted to the floor with a thin foam cushion.   The only other things in the room are a table and a chair, a sink and a toilet.   There is no window, only a small faint light on the ceiling.   You spend all of your time in this room, you have no choice.   This is your dining room, your den, your bedroom and your bathroom.   You are allowed to read and write letters in this room.   You cannot entertain guests in this room, you must go somewhere else for that, in a room with a mesh screen for you to sit behind, where you are constantly watched over.   Even though this is your bathroom, it has no shower stall or bathtub, but once a week you are allowed to leave this room to take a shower.   Your days are spent inside this room reading, thinking and worrying.   You aren't in any ordinary room, you're in a cell on death row.   A cell reserved for people who were sentenced to death for committing a crime.   Death could be by firing squad, lethel injection, the gas chamber or electric chair.   Chances are you've been in this room for many years and will be for many more.   Your lawyers have began the lenghthly appeal process.   Once all the appeals have failed, it soon is time, and you will be moved to a holding cell.   There you will be offered your final mean, of your choice.   Your last visitors arrive, first your lawyer, your family members and at last a preist who prays with you.   You take your final glance around the room, as you are lead to another room close by, the execution room. A few prison officials are present to witness your execution.   In a matter of moments it's over.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You could have been Gary Gilmore, Ted Bundy or Charles Brooks, all famous serial killers.   Maybe you were the first women to die by lethel injection, Marcie Barfield, or the first women to die by the electric chair, Martha Place.   Whoever it was well deserved this punishment, in fact, some readily accepted it in comparison to spending the rest of their lives in a jail cell, but many people who did deserve the death penalty did not recieve it.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In August 1969, seven people died at the hands of a serial killer including eight month pregnant acress Sharon Tate.   This was the result of a

Health Care Reform in the United States Essay -- health care reform, P

â€Å"We will pass reform that lowers cost, promotes choice, and provides coverage that every American can count on. And we will do it this year.† The preceding is a powerful statement from the newly elected President Barak Obama. One of the main aspects of both political campaigns was health care reform. The above quote shows passion and encouragement, but the quotes about health care do not end there. Georgian republican gubernatorial candidate and health care policy maker John Oxendine expressed: â€Å"Their proposal would virtually devastate the private healthcare sector in this country along with competition and patient choice, by replacing it with bureaucratic planning and government control. The result of this plan and its one trillion dollar price tag will bring harm to those the president and Congress are ostensibly trying to help.† Furthermore, another powerful statement was issued by the speaker of the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi: â€Å"I th ink it is pretty clear that we want a strong public option in the legislation. Insurance company’s full force carpet-bombing and shock and awe against the public option — so much so that the American people doubt the plan or are uncertain about it, until you tell them what is in it.† These three powerfully worded quotes embody the argument that is being derived on Capitol Hill. It is almost hard to conceive that one document can be perceived in such a wide variety of ways. This pending reform is important to every United States Citizen. As the debate climaxes over the next few months, words will be put into votes. It’s clear that everyone has an opinion about how health care reform should or should not work, but the real question is who will be the loudest in the end. The ... ...and generous health care to a people that are fed up! With already partisan action in the House of Representatives that passed the first ever health care reform legislation to the Senate, Americans are closer than ever to having safe and affordable health care. As the college age population enters the work force and starts a family, there is still that uncertainty of where all this talk will lead. Will they be faced with insurmountable debt by big business pleasing deputies of our government, or will they finally wake up one day health care cost free, healthy individuals and look back on the greatest fight in American politics since the drawing of the actual constitution itself. America needs the public option and more control over the health care industry! Over the coming weeks, that dream will turn more and more from the â€Å"Yes we can† to finally, â€Å"Yes we did!†

Computer Architecture :: Essays Papers

Computer Architecture 1. There have been a lot of developments in microprocessors since the 286 chip. The 286 CPU are no longer sold and are very rarely found in commercial use today because of its running speed, which is between 10MHz to 20MHz. This processor has a 24-bit address bus, and is able to address up to 16 million different address locations. It also has two operating modes, which are real mode and protected mode. The real mode is basically for normal DOS operations and it uses only 8086 code (8086 was the previous CPU). When it was in protected mode the CPU is able to access beyond the 1mb address limit and employed its added features, which were intended for multi-tasking operations such as Windows, but this CPU is not powerful enough to carry out these multi-tasking operations. The 286 came with a bus width of 16-bit internal, 24-bit address, and 16-bit external, with an external speed of between 6MHz – 25MHz, and an internal speed of between 6MHz – 25MHz. The next CPU was the 386, this is also no longer produced it had a slightly faster running speeds which are between 16MHz to 40MHz. This CPU could carry out effective multi tasking operations. It also had a substantial improvement in both memory management and it had an enlarged instruction set. It is also the minimum CPU for running windows. It came in two types the 386 SX and the 386 DX. The SX had a 32-bit internal data path but it only had a 16-bit path between the CPU and the computer memory. The DX on the other hand had a 32-bit data bus between the CPU and the memory chips allowing larger data transfers so it had faster through put. It also was able to use external cache memory, usually about 64k, which also improved performance. The 386 came in two different types they both had a internal bus width of 32 bit, the SX had a address bus width of 24 bit, and a external bus width of 16 bit, its internal and external speed was between 16MHz – 33MHz. The DX however had an add ress and external bus width of 32 bit, its internal and external speed was between 33MHz–40MHz. The 486 were the next CPU, this is still produced, there was little change to the 386 instruction set, but the 486 ran at speeds between 20MHz to 100MHz.

Procedure Guide to Access Control Essay

†¢Explain the need for designing procedures for simple tasks such as creating or modifying access controls Access controls is an important part of security in any business setting. This insures the protection of sensitive materials from being access from unauthorized users as well as keeping in-house materials in-house and not distributed to unauthorized personnel. o When setting procedures up for creating or modifying access controls you have to take in account the type of personnel that will be implementing the procedures. You may have to use simplified methods to allow the users easy access to correct, add or delete information. At the same time the procedure need to be complex enough that unauthorized users cannot get in and change information on their own. Proper procedures insure that a system is not compromised or destroyed based on a simple mistake or miss management of access. †¢List the steps to satisfy each of the requirements in the assignments instructions: 1.Status or setting prior to change : Start menu, Right click computer, select manage This will allow you to see what is currently in place and also bring you to the place you need to be in order to make any changes 2.Reason For Change:  The reason for change could be as simple as a new user needs to be added to a particular group to allow them access to certain information so that they are able to do their job 3.Change to implement:  Start, Admin. Tools, Active direct. Users and computers, right click users, add user, follow prompts to add user, right click group, click add users, follow prompts to add user to group 4.Scope of the change:  Log out of admin. Log into user , test access of group information and add and change capabilities 5.Impact of change:  Impact of change either adds access or denies access but over impact is no change. 6.Status or setting after the change :   You back through the same way you access information as the admin and check the information you entered. 7.Process to evaluate the change:  Again you can view through admin. Or you can log out and view by going  throught the users credentials to check and make sure that access and denies was implemented correctly.

Ferdinand de Saussure Essay

stylistics is the think oer and interpretation of text editions from a linguistic perspective. As a classify it links literary condemnation and philology, scarce has no autonomous domain of its own. 12 The want object of rhetorical studies is literature, and if non exclusively high literature yet also other micturates of indite texts some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as text from the domains of advertising, pop culture, political science or religion.3 Stylistics also fires to establish principles loose of exempting the finical choices make by individuals and kindly groups in their intention of oral communication, such as kindlyisation, the production and reception of meaning, critical discuss analysis and literary criticism. Other births of stylistics include the use of intercourse, including regional accents and peoples dialects, descriptive wording, the use of grammar, such as the busy voice or peaceful voice, the distri bargonlyion of sente nce lengths, the use of triggericular(a) verbiage registers, and so onIn addition, stylistics is a distinctive destination that whitethorn be used to de marginine the acquirenections surrounded by the throw and make within a disperseicular variety of speech communication. Thitherfore, stylistics looks at what is going on within the phrase what the linguistic associations be that the tendency of spoken panache of verbalize reveals. * Early 20th coulomb The analysis of literary ardour goes back to Classical rhetoric, except ripe stylistics has its roots in Russian Formalism,4 and the cogitate Prague School, in the early twentieth century.In 1909, Charles B on the wholeys Traite de stylistique francaise had proposed stylistics as a distinct academic clear to concomitant de Saussurean linguistics. For Bally, Saussures linguistics by itself couldnt fully take out the language of personal expression. 5 Ballys calcu latissimus dorsior programme fittingted well with the aims of the Prague School. 6 Building on the ideas of the Russian Formalists, the Prague School develop the concept of foregrounding, whereby poetical language stands out from the background of non-literary language by government agency of deviation (from the norms of usual language) or parallelism.7 According to the Prague School, the background language isnt fixed, and the relationship amongst poetic and ein truthday language is endlessly shifting. 8 new-fashioned twentieth century Roman Jakobson had been an active member of the Russian Formalists and the Prague School, before emigrating to the States in the 1940s. He brought in concert Russian Formalism and Ameri trick stark naked lit crit in his Closing Statement at a conference on stylistics at Indiana University in 1958.9 Published as linguals and Poetics in 1960, Jakobsons rattle on is often credited with organism the counterbalance coherent exploitulation of stylistics, and his melody was that th e study of poetic language should be a sub-branch of linguistics. 10 The poetic function was one of sixer general functions of language he depict in the lecture. Michael Halliday is an important figure in the development of British stylistics. 11 His 1971 study Linguistic Function and literary style An interrogation into the Language of William Goldings The Inheritors is a tombstone essay.12 One of Hallidays contributions has been the use of the term register to explain the connections between language and its context. 13 For Halliday register is distinct from dialect. Dialect refers to the familiar language of a lay out goingicular substance abuser in a bizarre(prenominal) geographic or social context. Register describes the choices make by the user,14 choices which depend on trine variables field (what the dismantleicipants ar actually pursue in doing, for instance, discussing a specific vanquish or topic),15 tenor (who is taking part in the exchange) and mode (the use to which the language is being put).Fowler comments that different fields germinate different language, most obviously at the aim of vocabulary (Fowler. 1996, 192) The linguist David vitreous silica points out that Hallidays tenor stands as a roughly equivalent term for style, which is a to a greater extent specific alternative used by linguists to eliminate ambiguity. (Crystal. 1985, 292) Hallidays one-third category, mode, is what he refers to as the symbolic organisation of the government agency. Downes recognises two distinct aspects within the category of mode and proposes that non only does it describe the relation to the sensitive written, spoken, and so on, but also describes the music genre of the text.(Downes. 1998, 316) Halliday refers to genre as pre-coded language, language that has non b atomic number 18ly been used before, but that predetermines the weft of textual meanings. The linguist William Downes makes the point that the important characterist ic of register, no matter how peculiar or di meter, is that it is obvious and immediately recognisable. (Downes. 1998, 309) Literary stylistics In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, Crystal observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has essay to deal with the complex and valued language within literature, i. e.literary stylistics.He goes on to say that in such testing the scope is around beats narrowed to repress on the much striking marks of literary language, for instance, its deviant and abnormal features, kinda than the full(a)er structures that ar found in whole texts or dis melts. For example, the compact language of indite line is to a greater extent(prenominal) worryly to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels. (Crystal. 1987, 71). numbers As well as conventional styles of language in that location ar the unconventional the most obvious of which is rhyme.In Practical Stylistics, HG W iddowson examines the traditional form of the epitaph, as found on straitsstones in a cemetery. For example His memory is loved today As in the min he passed away. (Ernest C. Draper Ern. Died 4. 1. 38) (Widdowson. 1992, 6) Widdowson makes the point that such sentiments ar usually not genuinely interesting and suggests that they whitethorn even be dismissed as crude oral carvings and crude vocal disturbance (Widdowson, 3). Nevertheless, Widdowson recognises that they ar a rattling real attempt to convey feelings of human loss and keep up affectionate re shows of a beloved booster station or family member.However, what may be seen as poetic in this language is not so much in the formulaic phraseology but in where it appears. The verse may be given unwarranted reverence precisely because of the sombre situation in which it is placed. Widdowson suggests that, un exchangeable words gear up in stone in a graveyard, poetry is unorthodox language that vibrates with inter-textua l implications. (Widdowson. 1992, 4) twain problems with a stylistic analysis of poetry argon noted by PM Wetherill in Literary Text An trial run of Critical Methods.The first is that on that point may be an over-preoccu knockion with one particular feature that may well minimise the importee of others that argon as important. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) The second is that whatever attempt to see a text as simply a collection of stylistic elements will tend to trim back other ways whereby meaning is produced. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) Implicature In Poetic Effects from Literary Pragmatics, the linguist Adrian Pilkington analyses the idea of implicature, as instigated in the old work of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson.Implicature may be divide into two categories unanimous and weak implicature, however between the two extremes there are a variety of other alternatives. The strongest implicature is what is in spades implied by the speaker or writer, plot of ground weaker implicatur es are the abundantr possibilities of meaning that the attender or endorser may conclude. Pilkingtons poetic effects, as he ground the concept, are those that achieve most relevance finished a wide multitude of weak implicatures and not those meanings that are simply read in by the hearer or reader.Yet the distinguishing instant at which weak implicatures and the hearer or readers conjecture of meaning sidetrack remains highly subjective. As Pilkington says there is no clear cut-off point between assumptions which the speaker truely endorses and assumptions derived strictly on the hearers responsibility. (Pilkington. 1991, 53) In addition, the stylistic qualities of poetry gutter be seen as an accompaniment to Pilkingtons poetic effects in understanding a poesys meaning. Stylistics is a valuable if windy approach to criticism, and compels upkeep to the poesys details.Two of the three simple exercises performed here show that the poem is deficient in structure, and c arrys to be radically re vagabond. The third sheds combust on its content. Introduction Stylistics applies linguistics to literature in the hope of arriving at analyses which are more broadly based, close and objective. 1 The pioneers were the Prague and Russian schools, but their approaches concur been appropriated and prolonged in recent eld by radical theory.Stylistics keister be evaluative (i. e. reckon the literary worth(predicate) on stylistic criteria), but more commonly attempts to simply analyze and describe the workings of texts which direct already been selected as noteworthy on other grounds. Analyses can appear objective, expand and technical, even requiring computer assistance, but some caution is removeed. linguistics is currently a battlefield of contending theories, with no settlement in sight. Many critics have no formal training in linguistics, or even proper reading, and are apt to anatomy on theories (commonly those of Saussure or Jacobson) that are inappropriate and/or no tenaciouser accepted.Some of the commonest terms, e. g. dim structure, foregrounding, have little or no experimental declare. 2 Linguistics has rather different objectives, moreover to study languages in their entirety and generality, not their use in art forms. Stylistic excellence intelligence, originality, constriction and variety of verbal devices play their part in literature, but aesthetics has long recognized that other aspects are equally important fidelity to experience, emotional shaping, solid content.Stylistics may well be frequent because it regards literature as simply part of language and therefore (neglecting the aesthetic dimension) without a privileged status, which al busteds the literary canon to be replaced by one more politically or sociologically acceptable. 3 wherefore and because employ stylistics at all? Because form is important in poetry, and stylistics has the largest inventory of analytical weapons. muchover, stylist ics need not be reductive and simplistic. There is no need to embrace Jacobsons theory that poetry is characterized by the projection of the paradigmatic axis vertebra onto the syntagmatic one.4 Nor accept Bradfords theory of a double gyre 5 literature has to a fault amply varied a history to be fitted into such a straitjacket. Stylistics suggests why certain devices are effective, but does not provide recipes, any more than theories of musical amity explains away the gifts of individual composers. Some stylistic analysis is to be found in most types of literary criticism, and differences between the traditional, New reprehension and Stylistics approaches are often matters of fierceness.Style is a term of approbation in e genuinelyday use (that woman has style, etc.), and may be so for traditional and New Criticism. exactly where the first would judge a poem by elongation to typical work of the period (Jacobean, Romantic, Modernist, etc. ), or according to genre, the New C riticism would probably simply note the conventions, explain what was unclear to a modern audience, and then pass on to a detailed analysis in terms of verbal density, complexity, ambiguity, etc. To the Stylistic critic, however, style means simply how something is expressed, which can be analyse in all language, aesthetic and non-aesthetic. 6Stylistics is avery technical subject, which hardly makes for engrossing, or indeed un litigious, 7 reading. The treatment here is very simple just the bare mug up, with some references cited. Under unhomogeneous categories the poem is analyzed in a dry manner, the more salient indications noted, and some recommendations made in Conclusions. Published Examples of Stylistic Literary Criticism G. N. Leechs A Linguistic Guide to side of meat Poetry (1969) Laura Browns black lovage Pope (1985) Roy Lewiss On variation french Verse A employment in Poetic Form (1982) George Wrights Shakespeares Metrical Art. (1988)Richard Bradfords A Lingu istic History of English Poetry (1993) Poem The Architects provided, as youd pay, they are very Impatient, the buildings, having much in them Of the unvoiced breaker of the jointure Sea, flurrying The linchpin, lifting the pebbles, fractureing them With a ill-humoured roar against the centre They are still of the cliffs higher of course, More burdensome, underwritten as It were with prehistoric days cloud And gleam, unyielding, part of the Silicate of gawk lives, distant and heterogeneous As the whir bureaucrats allow in And colonized with java in the cover pallets, Awaiting the extend and the incision meeting Except that these do not k instanter it, at least do not Seem to, being busy, generally.So maybe it is only on those clear, almost Vacuumed afternoons with form upon ground level Of concrete want rib- hit the books packed above them, And they light-headed with the fashiony airicape whirlpoolning around, and muzzy, a neuralgy Calling at ergodi c a deal fallible relations, a phone closed chain in a distant built in bed they cannot get to, That they draw attentive, or we do these Divisions persisting, indeed what we talk about, We, constructing these webs of buildings which, Caulked like great whales about us, are always. a pine away(predicate) that some trick of the light or weather Will rig out them as friends, pleading and flailing And woof with liquefied but unbearable melodies Us in mystic hinterlands of incurved tripe. C. John Holcombe 1997 Metre though apparently iambic, with five examinees to the line, the quantity shows some(prenominal) reversals and substitutions. Put at its simplest, with / representing a strong stress representing a weak stress x representing no stress, and trying to fit lines into a pentameters, we have - / x x x / - x / x precisely as youd ex pect they are ve ry x / x x / x / x x x.Im pat ient the build ings, hav ing much in them x x x / x x / / x x Of the heav y ledge man of the North Sea, flurr ying x / - / x x / x / x The grit, lift ing the pebbl es, fling ing them x / - / x x / x With a hoarse roar a gainst the agg re gate x x / x / / x x / They are com posed of, the cliffs high er of course / x - / x / x More burd en some, un der writ ten as x / x / - / - / x / It were with historic days o ver cast x / x. / x - / x x And glit ter ing, ob du rate, part of the - / x x x / - / - / x x / x x Sil icate of tough lives dist ant and in tricate - x / x / x - / x As the whir ring bu reau crats let in x / x x / x x / x / x And set tled with cof fee in the con crete pal lets x / x x / x x / x / x A wait ing the post and the de part ment meet ing x x / x / x x / x Ex cept that these do not sack out it, at least do not - / x / x / x / x x. Seem to be ing bus y gen ER all y x / x x / x x / x / x So per haps it is on ly on those cloud less al most - / x / x x / x x / x Vac uumed af ter noons with ti ER u pon ti ER x / x / / - / x / x Of con Crete like rib bones packed a bove them x / / x x / / x And they light head ed, with the lively air i ness - / x x / x / x x / x x Spin ning a round and muz zy, a neu ral gia - / x x / x x / x / x x / . Cal ling at ran dom like frail re lat ions a phone - / x x x / x / x x / x / x Ring ing in a dist ant of fice they can not get to x / x / x / x x / /- That they be come at ten tive, or we do these x / x x / x x / x / x / Di vis ions per sist ing, in deed what we talk a bout - / x / x x / x / x We, con struct ing these webs of build ings which - / x / / x / x x / x Caulk Ed like great whales a bout us are al ways x / x x / x x / x / x .A ware that some trick of the light or weath ER / x x / - / x x / x Will change them as friends plead ing and flail ing x / x / x x / x x / x x And fill with plac id but UN bear able mel odies - / x - / x x x / / Us in deep hint erlands of in curved glass Poets learn to think t heir spirits, but even to the experienced writer these (tedious) exercises can pinpoint what the ear suspects is faulty, suggest where improvements lie, and show how the beatnik is making for variety, broad consistency, shaping of the lineage and emotive appeal.though other scansions are certainly manageable in the lines above, the most striking feature will remain their irregularity. Many lines can only roughly be called pentameters Lines 16 and 17 are strictly hexameters and lines 27 and 28 are tetrameters. In fact, the lines do not read like pinhead verse. The metre is not iambic in many areas, but trochaic, and indeed insistently dactylic in lines 9 and 10, 21 and 22 and 28. Line 27 is predominantly anapaestic, and line 3 could (just) be scanned x x / x / x x / / x x Of the heavy ledgeman of the North Sea flurr ying.Reflective or meditative verse is generally written in the iambic pentameter, and for good causality the benefit of past examples, readers expectations , and because the iambic is the nearest to everyday speech flexible, unemphatic, expressing a wide range of social registers. Blank verse for the stage may be very irregular but this, predominantly, is a unflurried poem, with the falling rhythms inducing a mood of reflection if not melancholy. What is being move? Suppose we set out the argument (refer to rhetorical and other analyses), tabbing and vacate tabbing as the reflections as they search more or less private 8 1.But, as youd expect, 2. they are very impatient, the buildings, 3. having much in them of the heavy surf of the North Sea, 4. flurrying the grit, 5. lifting the pebbles, 6. flinging them with a hoarse roar against the aggregate they are composed of the 7. cliffs higher of course, more 8. burdensome, 9. underwritten as it were with past days 10. overcast and glinting, 11. obdurate, 12. part of the silicate of tough lives, 13. distant and intricate as 14. the go bureaucrats 15. permit in and settled with coffee i n the concrete pallets, awaiting the post and the department meeting 16. excerpt that these do not know it,17. at least do not have the appearance _or_ semblance to, being busy, 18. generally. 19. So perhaps it is only on those cloudless, almost vacuumed afternoons with tier upon tier of concrete like rib bones packed above them, and 20. they light-headed 21. with the drear airiness go around around, and 22. muzzy, a 23. neuralgia trade at random like 24. frail relations, a 25. phone sonorousness in a distant government agency they cannot get to, that 26. They become attentive, 27. or we do 28. these divisions persisting, 29. indeed what we talk about, 30. we, constructing these webs of buildings which 31.Caulked like great whales about us, are 32.always cognizant that some trick of the light or weather will dress them as friends, 33. pleading and flailing and 34. fill with imperturbable but unbearable melodies 35. us in deep hinterlands of incurved glass. The structure should now be clear. Where Eliot created new forms by stringing together unremarkable pentameters, 8 this poem attempts the reverse to redo an irregular ode-like structure as pentameters. And not over-successfully many of the rhythms seemed unduly confined. But once returned to the form of an 18th century Pindaric ode, however unfashionable today, the lines regain a structure and integrity.Each starts with a marked stress and then tails away, a feature emphasise by the near patterns. 9 Sound Patterning To these sound patterns we now turn, adapting the International Phonetic Alphabet to hypertext markup language restrictions 1. But as youd expect u a U e e b t z y d ksp kt 2. They are very impatient the buildings A a(r) e E i A e e i i th v r mp sh nt th b ld ngz 3. Having much in them of the heavy surf of the North Sea a i u i e o e e e(r) o e aw E h v ng m ch n th m v th h v s f v th n th s .4. flurrying the grit u E i e i fl r ng th gr t 5. lifting the pebbles i i e e l ft ng th p b lz 6. flinging them with a hoarse roar against the aggregate they are composed of i i e i e aw aw e A e a E A A a(r) o O o fl ng ng th m w th h s r g nst th gr g t th k MP zd v 7. the cliffs higher of course more e i I e o aw aw th kl fs h v s m 8. burdensome u(r) e e b d ns m 9.underwritten as it were with past days u e i e a i (e)r i a(r) A nd r t n z t w w p st d z 10. overcast and glinting O e(r) a(r) a i i v k St nd gl NT ng 11. obdurate o U A bd r t 12. part of the silicate of tough lives (a)r o e i i A o u I p t f th s l k t v t f l vz 13. distant and intricate i a a i i e d St NT nd NT r k t 14. as the whirring bureaucrats a e e(r) i U O a z th w r ng b r kr ts 15.let in and settled with coffee in the concrete pallets e i a e ie i o E i e o E a e l t n nd s tl d w th k f n th k Kr t p l Ts awaiting the post and the department meeting e A i e O a e E e E i w t ng th p St nd th d p tm NT m t ng 16. except that these do not know it e e a E U o O i ks pt th th z d n t n t 17. at least do not seem to being busy a E U o E U E i i E t l St d n t s m t b ng b z /td 18.generally e e a E j nr l 19. so perhaps it is only on those cloudless almost vacuumed afternoons O e(r) a i i O o O ou e aw O a U a(r) e oo s p h ps t z nl n th z kl dl s lm St v k md ft n nz with tier upon tier of concrete like rib bones packed above them and i E e(r) e o E e(r) o o E I i O a e u e a w th t p n t v k nkr t l k r b b nz p Kt b v th m nd 20. they light headed A I e e th l t h d d 21.with the blue airiness spinning around and i e U (A)r i e i i e ou a w th th bl r n s sp n ng r nd nd 22. muzzy a u E e m z 23. neuralgia calling at random like U a E a aw i a a o I n r lj k l ng t r nd m l k 24. frail relations a A e A e e fr l r l zh nz 25. phone ringing in a distant office they cannot get to that O i i i e i a o i A a o e oo a f n r ng ng n d St NT f s th k n t g t t th 26.they become attentive A E u a e i th b k m t NT v 27. or we do aw E oo w d 28. these divisions persisting E i i e e(r) i i th z d v zh nz p s St ng 29. indeed what we talk about i E o E aw e ou in d wh t w t k b t 30. we constructing these webs of buildings which E o u i E e o i i i w k nz str Kt ng th z w bs v b ld ngz wh Ch 31. seal off like great whales about us are aw I A A e ou u a(r) k kd l k gr t w lz b t s 32. always aware that some trick of the light or weather will dress them as friends aw A e ( A)r a u i o e I aw e e(r) i e e a e lw z w th t s m tr k v th l t w th w l dr s th m z Fr ndz 33. pleading and flailing E i a A i pl d ng nd fl l ng 34. will fill with placid but unbearable melodies i i i a i u u A(r) a e e O E f l w th PL s d b t n b r b l m l d z 35.us in deep hinterlands of incurved glass u i E i e a o i e(r) a(r) s n d p h NT l ndz v nk v d GL s Sound in poetry is an immensely complicated and contentious subject. Of the seventeen different employments listed by Masson 10 we consider seven 1. Structural emphasis All sections are structurally emphasized to some extent, but note the use (in decreasing hardness) of * plosive consonants in sections 1, 5, 6, 7, 10-13, 19, 28-50 31 and 35. * fricative and aspirate consonants in sections 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 19, 25, 28, 32, 35.* liquid and nasal consonants in sections 3, 4, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 31-35. Also * predomination of front vowels in all sections but 6, 7, 11, 16, 17, 19 and 31. * predominance of vowels in ordinary positions only sections 16 and 17 having several(prenominal) high vowels and section 3 low vowels. 2. Tagging of sections Note sections 1, 7, 13 and 15. 3. Indirect support of argument by related echoes * wide used, most obviously in sections 3-7, 12-13, and 15. 4. exemplifying mime mouth movements apes expression * Sections 2, 6, 11-13, 19, 31 and 35. 5. Illustrative painting * Sections 3-6, 10-13, 15, 19 and 33. intimately sections are closely patterned in consonants. Those which arent (and therefore need attention if consistency is to be maintained) are perhaps 8, 9, 14, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 and 27. Originally the poem was cast in the form of irregular pentameters. But if this is set aside in favour of the 35 sections listed above, how are these sections to be link up in a self-evident and please form? A little is constituted by alliteration * f in sections 3 to 7. * s and t in sections 12 to 15 * w in sections 29 to 32 And also by the predominance of front and intermediate level vowels, but these do not touchstone to much.Certainly we do not learn that the overall shaping of the poem emphasizes the argument or content. Sociolinguistics Language is not a neutral medium but comes with the contexts, ideologies and social intentions of its speakers written in. Words are documentation entities, things which are constantly being diligent and only half taken over carrying opinions, assertions, beliefs, information, emotions and intentions of others, which we partially accept and modify. In this sense speech is dialogic, has an internal polemic, and Bakhtins insights into the multi-layered nature of language (heteroglossia) can be extended to poetry.11 Much of Postmodernist piece of writing tries to be very unliterary, incorporating the raw worldly of everyday speech and writing into its creations. This poem seems rather different, a somewhat remote control tone and elevated diction applying end-to-end. Let us see whats achieved by grouping under the various inflections of the speaking voice. * urgently confidential But, as youd expect, cliffs higher, of course, that they become attentive or we do * obsessively repetitious flurrying the grit, lifting the pebbles, flinging themBurdensome, underwritten overcast and glinting, obdurate * over-clever silicate of tough livesdistant and intricate constructing these webs of buildings distracted and/or light-headed except that these do not know it at least do not seem to with the blue airiness spinning around calling at random like frail relations * melancholic and/or meditative some trick of the light or weather will dress them as friends pleading and flailing and fill with placid but unbearable melodies.The exercise hardly provides revelation. Heteroglossia is an interweaving of voices, moreover, not shifts of tone or reference. And yet there is something very odd about the chess opening line. Why should we expect the buildings to be very impatient?This is more than the orators trick of attracting attention, since the animate nature of buildings and their constituents is referred to throughout the poem. To be more exact, the attitude of the inhabitants observers, bureaucrats, architects to the buildings is developed by the poem, and is paralleled by the tone. But why the confidential and repetitious attitude at the beginning.Why should we be buttonholed in this manner? Why the But, which seems to point to an earlier conversation, and the indispensability with which that earlier conversation is being refuted or covered up? Because the blame for something is being shifted to the buildings.What error has been committed we do not know, but in mitigation we are shown the effect of the buildings on other inhabitants. Or perhaps we are. In fact the whirring bureaucrats seem to grow out of the textile of buildings, and we do not really know if the we, constructing these webs of b uildings is meant literally or metaphorically. The poems title suggests literally, but perhaps these constructions are only of the mind sections 17, 20-29, 32 and 34 refer to attitudes rather than actions, and there is an gay or otherworldly atmosphere to the after section of the poem.So we return to heteroglossia, which is not simply borrowed voices, but involves an internal polemic, 12 that private dialogue we conduct between our private thoughts and their acceptable public expression. The dialogue is surely here between the bestial physicality of a nature made overpoweringly real and the fail brevity of human lives. That physicality is threatening and unnerving. If the we of the subsequent section of the poem is indeed architects then that physicality is harnessed to practical ends. If the constructing is purely mental then the treatment is through attitudes, mindsets, philosophies.But in neither fact does it emasculate the energy of the physical world. Architects may leave monuments behind them, but they are also imprisoned in those monuments (us in deep hinterlands) and hearing all the time the homesick voice of their constituents. Conclusions Suggested Improvements The greatest obstruction lies in the poems structure. An pentameter form has been used to give a superficial unity, but this wrenches the rhythm, obscures the sound patterns and does nothing for the argument. If recast in sections defined by rhythm and sound pattern the form is too irregular to have artistic autonomy.A return could be made to the eighteenth century Pindaric ode in strict metre and rhyme, but would require extensive and skilful rewriting, and probably appear artificial. A prose poem might be the wait on, but the rhythms would need to be more fluid and subtly syncopated. Otherwise, blank verse should be attempted, and the metre adjusted accordingly. The internal polemic is a valuable dimension of the poem, but more could be done to make the voices distinct. http//www. te xtetc. com/criticism/stylistics. html1. On StylisticsIs cognitive stylistics the future of stylistics?To answer this question in the essay that follows, I will briefly discuss Elena Semino and Jonathan Culpepers Cognitive Stylistics (2003), Paul Simpsons Stylistics (2004), and a recent essay by Michael bump off (2005). However, because questions are like trains one may hide another any discussion of the future of stylistics raises intractable questions about stylistics itself. French students of stylistics, for example, will come across definitions of the discipline like the following. According to Brigitte Buffard-Moret, si les definitions de la stylistique que certains refusent de considerer comme une scien